Unit 6 · Industrialization and Its Effects

Coal and iron ● (core concept) — The key resources fueling industrialization: coal for energy and iron for machines and railways.

Industrial Revolution ● (core concept) — The late-18th-century shift to mechanized, factory-based production beginning in Britain and spreading across Europe.

James Watt ○ — Improver of the steam engine; an illustrative example of industrial inventors.

Steam engine ○ — The coal-powered engine that mechanized factories, mines, railways, and ships.

Zollverein ○ — The Prussian-led German customs union that promoted economic unity before political unification; an illustrative example.

Factory system ● (core concept) — Production concentrated in mechanized factories using wage labor, replacing cottage industry.

Railroads ● (core concept) — New transportation technology that integrated national economies, raised urbanization, and built a global economic network.

Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1870–1914) ● (core concept) — The late-19th-century wave of industrialization based on steel, electricity, and chemicals, spreading industry beyond Britain.

Bessemer process ○ — The cheap steelmaking method enabling the Second Industrial Revolution; an illustrative example.

Electricity ○ — The new power source transforming factories, cities, and daily life in the Second Industrial Revolution.

Child labor ● (core concept) — The exploitation of children in mines and factories; an illustrative example of industrial social problems.

Cult of domesticity ● (core concept) — The bourgeois family ideal focused on the nuclear family with distinct gender roles for men and women.

Labor unions ● (core concept) — Worker organizations demanding better wages, hours, and conditions.

Urbanization ● (core concept) — The rapid growth of industrial cities as workers migrated from the countryside.

Working class ● (core concept) — The wage-earning laborers of mines, factories, and cities created by industrialization.

Concert of Europe ● (core concept) — The system of great-power consultation created at Vienna to preserve peace and suppress revolution.

Conservatism ● (core concept) — The ideology defending traditional monarchy, aristocracy, and religion against revolutionary change.

Klemens von Metternich ● (core concept) — Austrian statesman who guided the Congress of Vienna and championed conservatism.

Revolutions of 1848 ● (core concept) — The wave of liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe demanding constitutions and reform.

Anarchism ● (core concept) — The assertion by anarchists that all forms of governmental authority should be rejected.

Karl Marx ● (core concept) — Theorist whose critique of capitalism and call for working-class revolution founded Marxism.

Liberalism ● (core concept) — The ideology advocating constitutional government, individual rights, and free markets against absolutism.

Marx's scientific socialism ● (core concept) — Marx's systematic critique of capitalism and deterministic analysis of society and historical evolution, toward which socialism evolved from utopian roots.

Socialism ● (core concept) — The ideology advocating collective or state control of production to reduce inequality.

Universal male suffrage ● (core concept) — The demand by British radicals and continental republicans for full citizenship and the vote without regard to wealth or property.

Utopian socialism ● (core concept) — Early socialist visions of ideal cooperative communities; an illustrative example.

The Communist Manifesto ○ — Marx and Engels's pamphlet urging workers to revolt; an illustrative example of socialist thought.

Laissez-faire ● (core concept) — The policy of minimal government interference in the economy, advocated by Adam Smith.

Public health reforms ○ — Measures such as sanitation and clean water responding to urban disease; an illustrative example of social reform.